Eficacia de las dietas basadas en plantas para adultos con sobrepeso y obesidad: una revisión a gran escala
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71164/socialmedicine.v19i3.2026.2155Palabras clave:
intervención dietética, salud metabólica, estigma por obesidad, sobrepeso, dieta basada en plantasResumen
Antecedentes. La obesidad es una epidemia global asociada a riesgos de salud significativos, que incluyen diabetes, enfermedades cardiovasculares y mortalidad prematura. Las dietas basadas en plantas (DBP), caracterizadas por alta fibra, baja grasa y densidad nutricional, han recibido atención como una estrategia potencial para gestionar el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Objetivos. Esta revisión exhaustiva tiene como objetivo sintetizar pruebas sobre la eficacia de las DBP en la gestión del sobrepeso y la obesidad en adultos, al tiempo que destaca desafíos como la adecuación nutricional, la adherencia y la viabilidad cultural. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda de literatura entre estudios publicados entre 2013 y 2023 utilizando PubMed y Google Scholar. Se incluyeron seis estudios que involucraron participantes >18 años, entre los cuales ensayos controlados aleatorizados, ensayos clínicos, estudios de sección transversal y revisiones sistemáticas. Los resultados clave abarcaron pérdida de peso, índice de masa corporal (IMC), masa grasa y parámetros metabólicos. Resultados. Las DBP se asociaron con reducciones en peso corporal, IMC y masa grasa. También se observaron mejoras en los parámetros metabólicos, incluida la sensibilidad a la insulina y al control de la glucosa. Estos efectos pueden atribuirse a la alta composición de fibra y baja grasa de las DBP, que pueden promover la saciedad y reducir la ingesta de energía. Sin embargo, se identificaron desafíos relacionados con la adherencia, potenciales deficiencias de micronutrientes y en su aceptación cultural. Conclusiones: Las DBP representan un enfoque dietético prometedor para gestionar la obesidad y mejorar la salud metabólica. Los esfuerzos futuros deberán centrarse en mejorar la adherencia, garantizar la adecuación nutricional y mejorar la accesibilidad para maximizar su impacto en la salud pública.
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